TREATMENT OF TRIGEMINAL AUTONOMIC CEPHALGIAS: NEUROMUSCULAR DENTISTRY ALTERNATIVE TO IMPLANTED SUPRAORBITAL/SUPRATROCHLEAR NEUROMODULATION

A recent article in neuromodulation is a case study of five patients with implanted neuromodulators. The good news is that there is hope when all other treatments failures but there can be numerous complications as noted in pubmed abstract that follows. The devices must be removed for diagnostic MRI. Some patients required multiple applications but the systems were effective in major pain relief and reduction or elimination of opiod use.

Neuromuscular Dentistry offers a less invasive and frequently extremely effective alternative treatment. A diagnostic neuromuscular orthotic is retained by the lower teeth and alters the input to the trigeminal nervous system. The trigeminal nervous system acts as an input/output for our brain. Approximately 50 % of all brain input comes from the periodontal ligaments and the muscles of the trigeminal nervous system. Neuromuscular dentistry does utilize the use of a nonimplanted neuromuscular stimulator in the form of ULF TENS. This allows relaxation of trigeminally innervated muscles and the autonomic system follows suit. In computer lingo these headaches are I/O errors or input output erros. GARBAGE IN- GARBAGE OUT IS BAD INFO INTO COMPUTER GIVES BAD OUTPUT. Nociceptive inputs are eliminated with the diagnostic orthotic and stabilized. SPG (Sphenopalatine Ganglion blocks) Blocks are frequently used in combination with a neuromuscular orthotic when there is not rapid relief of all symptoms.

The beauty of the SPG Block is that it can be easily performed by patients to prevent episodes and does not require opiods or dangerous neurologic medications but utilizes lidocaine and administered by a hollow cotton swab.

I propose that a neuromuscular diagnostic orthotic should be considered a first linr treatment priot to invasive procedures. A sleep study should be used to rule out obstructive sleep apnea, hypopnea, UARS (upper airway resistance syndrome) and RERAs or respiratory related arousals that are frequently present in these patients and associated with their disorders.

PUBMED ABSTRACT:

Neuromodulation. 2012 May 2. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00455.x. [Epub ahead of print]

The Treatment of Medically Intractable Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgia With Supraorbital/Supratrochlear Stimulation: A Retrospective Case Series.

Vaisman J, Markley H, Ordia J, Deer T.

Source

Pain and Wellness Center, Peabody, MA, USA; New England Regional Headache Center, Worcester, MA, USA; and The Center for Pain Relief, Charleston, WV, USA.

Abstract

Introduction:  This is a retrospective case series of five patients with intractable trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC) who were implanted with a supraorbital/supratrochlear neuromodulation system. Objectives:  The aim of this Institutional Review Board-approved study was to investigate the percentage of pain relief, treatment response, pain level, work status, medication intake, implantation technique, lead placement, programming information, and device use. Results:  Trial stimulation led to implantation of all five patients. All patients reported improvement in their functional status in regard to activities of daily living. The device was revised in two patients due to skin erosion. It was later reimplanted in both patients due to worsening of symptoms, again with good pain relief. The device was explanted in two other patients because of the need to perform a magnetic resonance imaging or implant an automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator. The follow-up of the patients ranged between 18 months and 36 months, with a mean of 25.2 months. There was no change in work status. Following the implant, the Visual Analog Scale score was reduced to a mean of 1.6 from an initial mean score of 8.9. Three patients were completely weaned off opioid medications, while two patients continued to take opioid at a lower dosage. All patients experienced a decrease of the adjuvant neuropathic drugs. Conclusion:  Supraorbital/supratrochlear nervestimulation appears to be a promising modality for the treatment of patients with intractable TAC.

© 2012 International Neuromodulation Society.

PMID:

22551506

[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Trigeminal Nerve Pain or TMJ? Neuromuscular Dentistry or SPG Blocks may help solve problems.

Question: My dentist diagonesed that I might have a TMJ problem, previously had MRI scan for trigeminal nerve pain but came negative, what could the problem be?

Dr Shapira Response: The trigeminal nerve supplies approximately 50% of all input to the brain. Because the MRI scan was normal does not mean the pain is not from or mediated by the trigeminal nerve. This can include TM Joint problems, TMD, Myofascial Pain, otalgia (trigeminal). All of these problems are mediated by the trigeminal nerve which is why neuromuscular dentistry is such an effective approach to chronic pain of the head and neck.

Sphenopalatine Ganglion Blocks can address the autonomic connections of the trimeninal nerve. It is usually a simplification to just call something a "TMJ" problem because there are usually multiple concerns based on symptomatology.

I normally spend an hour or more reviewing the history of patients with pain. The patient gave me no information about the SYMPTOMS that caused her to seek treatment. An accurate chronological history is an essential element in understanding how to approach a problem to bring relief. An MRI will show organic problems but are rarely the diagnostic approach to chronic pain. It is helpful in that it rules out tumors, growths, etc.

An examination of the craniomandibular and cervical musculature is incredibly important in anyone with headaches, facial pain, migraines, trgeminal pain, ear or jaw pain. Evaluation of the TM Joints and jaw motion is also very important.

The Neuromuscular Diagnostic work-up includes EMG evaluation of the jaw and/or neck muscles, Computerized scans of jaw movement and function, Sonography is sometimes used as well.

VESTIBULAR MIGRAINE; THE SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS HAVE LARGE OVERLAP TO TMJ (TMD). ARE VESTIBULAR MIGRAINES BEST TREATED BY NEUROMUSCULAL DENTAL ORTHOTIC

A recent article in HEADACHE (June 2011)"Migraine and Vestibular Symptoms-Identifying Clinical Features That Predict "Vestibular Migraine" looks at patients who have an overlap of vestibular symptoms, such as lightheadedness, unsteadiness, vertigo, balance disturbance and headache.

The study showed just under half of the patients had onset of pain and vestibular symptoms together. This is frequently seen in patients withcraniomandibular neuromuscular disorders and usually responds extremely well to a neuromuscular orthotic, use of ULF TENS, Trigger point injections, spray and stretch elimination of TP's and SPG (Sphenopalatine Ganglion) Blocks.

NEUROMUSCULAR DENTISTRY SHOULD PROBABLY BE A FIRST LINE TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS EXPERIENCING VESTIBULAR SYMPTOMS AND HEADACHE OR MIGRAINE AFTER ORGANIC DISEASE IS RULED OUT.

TMJ DISORDERS HAVE LONG BEEN CALLED "THE GREAT IMPOSTER" because they mimic so many other disorders. All patients with vestibular symptoms and head or neck pain shoud read "SUFFER NO MORE: DEALING WITH THE GREAT IMPOSTER" IN SLEEP AND HEALTH JOURNAL.
http://www.sleepandhealth.com/story/suffer-no-more-dealing-great-impostor


The article's conclusions are not diagnostic at all. They cover episodic, acute onset and chronic disorders. The authors stated "Vestibular migraine is a heterogeneous condition with varying symptomatology. As with migraine itself, symptomatic expression varies along a spectrum that extends from episodic to chronic. As the histories of many of the patients we evaluated would not meet current International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria, we suggest that new criteria which account for the heterogeneity and natural history of the disorder may be required to adequately diagnose and treat those who suffer from VM"


Headache. 2011 Jun 7. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01934.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Migraine and Vestibular Symptoms-Identifying Clinical Features That Predict "Vestibular Migraine"
Cohen JM, Bigal ME, Newman LC.
Source

From Roosevelt Hospital, Headache Institute, New York, NY, USA (J.M. Cohen and L.C. Newman); Merck, Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA (M.E. Bigal).
Abstract

Background.- Migraine and symptoms that may suggest a vestibular disorder (referred to herein broadly as vestibular symptoms-VS) often co-exist. In part due to a lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, this relationship remains unknown to many physicians. Objective.- To determine common clinical features that may be associated with "vestibular migraine" (VM). Methods.- We retrospectively reviewed charts of patients diagnosed with VM at a headache center. In this group we recorded certain demographic and clinical features related to their disorder, including the most common triggers of the VS and the specific characteristics of the symptoms that suggested VM. Results.- Our sample consisted of 147 patients (68% women, mean age = 45 years, 39% with aura). Migraine onset preceded the onset of VS by a mean of 8 years. A total of 62 patients (42%) had gradual onset of VS, while in 48 (33%) symptoms began suddenly. The most commonly reported symptoms that led to the diagnosis of VM were: unsteadiness (134; 91%), balance disturbance (120; 82%), "light-headedness" (113; 77%), and vertigo (84; 57%). VS and headache occurred concomitantly in 48% of patients. A total of 67 (47%) patients had VS that were chronic from onset, 29 (21%) had episodic symptoms, and in 46 (32%) the VS had evolved from episodic to chronic (with an average duration of 7.04 years required for this evolution to occur). Conclusions.- Vestibular migraine is a heterogeneous condition with varying symptomatology. As with migraine itself, symptomatic expression varies along a spectrum that extends from episodic to chronic. As the histories of many of the patients we evaluated would not meet current International Classification of Headache Disorders criteria, we suggest that new criteria which account for the heterogeneity and natural history of the disorder may be required to adequately diagnose and treat those who suffer from VM.

© 2011 American Headache Society.

PMID:
21649658
[PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

Related citations

Tinnitus: The TMJ (TMD) and Headache Connection. Can we predict and prevent tinnitus?

A new article "Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and the incidence of tinnitus." in the April 2011 Journal of Oral Rehabilitation showed that TMD and Headache were the two primary predictors of tinnitus. Tinnitus is a frequent symptom of TMJ disorders and is routinely considered to be related to TMD. There are many causes of tinnitus that are related to dentistry and posture.

The medial pterygoid muscle and the tensor of the ear drum (tensor veli tympani) have a common trigeminal nerve root. They are embryologically the same muscle that splits in two as the embryo develops into a fetus. Tinnitus is frequently triggered by palpating the medial pterygoid muscle which is also implicated in sleep apnea, a common finding in TMJ disorders.

The Sterncleidomastoid muscle can also have trigger points that cause both tinnitus, vertigo and feelings of loss of equilibrium.

The study analysed 3134 subjects Among the 191 exposed subjects with palpation pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ),24 or 12.6% over a five year period later developed tinnitus. Only 124 of the entire group developed tinnitus or 5.8% so there was a 7.7% increased risk in the group with palpation pain.

This study certainly shows that not treating TMD problems can lead to future problems. What is remarkable is that they only looked at one possible TMD symptom, if they had expanded this study to other TMD symptoms they probably would have found a much larger increased risk of developing tinnitus.

When a neuromuscular Dental orthotic is used to begin treatment of a TMD problem it is not unusual to see rapid elimination of tinnitus when there are other symptoms of TMD such as headache, sinus pain, muscle soreness or trigger points etc. Patients who present with tinnitus as a single symptom do not always respond as well as patients with multiple symptoms.

I strongly Rx starting treatment for all tinnitus patients with a neuromuscular orthotic after ruling out organic disease.

J Oral Rehabil. 2011 Apr 23. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02224.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and the incidence of tinnitus.
Bernhardt O, Mundt T, Welk A, Köppl N, Kocher T, Meyer G, Schwahn C.
SourceDepartment of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Center of Oral Health, University of Greifswald Department of Prosthodontics, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, Center of Oral Health, University of Greifswald Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology and Endodontology, Center of Oral Health, University of Greifswald Statistical Department, Center of Oral Health, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.

Abstract
Summary  In a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP 0), temporomandibular disorders (TMD) were the strongest predictors for tinnitus beside headache. The aim of this study was to investigate whether signs and symptoms of TMD can be identified as risk factors for developing tinnitus. The SHIP 1 is a population-based 5-year longitudinal study intended to systematically describe the prevalence of and risk factors for diseases common in the population of Pomerania in northern Germany. A total of 3300 subjects (76% response) were reevaluated after 5 years for tinnitus and signs and symptoms of TMD using the same questionnaires and examination tools as baseline. To estimate the relative risk (RR) appropriately, a modified Poisson regression was used. After exclusion of prevalent cases with diagnosed tinnitus, 3134 subjects were analysed. Among the 191 exposed subjects with palpation pain in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 24 subjects (12·6%) received diagnosed tinnitus after 5 years, whereas among the 2643 unexposed subjects 142 subjects (5·8%) received tinnitus yielding a risk difference of 7·7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3·0%-12·5%) and a risk ratio of 2·60 (95% CI: 1·7-3·9). The risk ratio was 2·4 (95% CI: 1·6-3·7) after adjustment for gender, age, school education and frequent headache. Pain on palpation of the TMJ, however, did not worsen the prognosis for tinnitus in prevalent tinnitus cases (RR = 0·8, P = 0·288). Signs of TMD are a risk factor for the development of tinnitus.

© 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

PMID: 21517934 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

POSTUROLOGY AND TMD (TMJ) DISORDERS: WHY THIS IS IMPORTANT TO PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC DAILY HEADACHES, MIGRAINES AND TENSION-TYPE HEADACHES.

THE JAW IS ESSENTIAL IN THE REGULATION OF NORMAL BODY POSTURE. THE SWALLOW SERVES AS A NEUROMUSCULAR RESETTING MECHANISM THAT CAN CORRECT OR CAUSE POSTURAL PROBLEMS THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE BODY.

THERE ARE ONLY THREE MAJOR SET POINTS IN THE BODY FOR NEUROMUSCULARLY RESETTING POSTURE. ONE IS THE BITE WHEN WE SWALLOW APPROXIMATELY 2000 TIMES A DAY. THE SECOND IS OUR FEET /LEGS /HIPS WHEN WE STAND AND THE THIRD IS THE HIPS WHEN WE SIT.

THE QUADRANT THEOREM OF GUZAY EXPLAINS THE IMPORTANCE OF THE JAW TO FULL BODY POSTURE IN MATHEMATICAL AND ENGINEERING TERMS.

IT IS EASIER FOR THE LAY PERSON TO UNDERSTAND THE IMPORTANCE OF THE JAW BY IMAGINING STANDING ON THE DOCTORS SCALE. THE 100 POUND MARKER IS SET, THEN THE TEN POUND MARKER IS SET, AND FINALLY THE ONE POUND MARKER IS SET TILL THE SCALE PERFECTLY BALANCES.

THE PROBLEM IS THAT IF YOU MOVE THAT ONE POUND WEIGHT JUST A LITTLE TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT THE SCALE DOES NOT GO A LITTLE OUT OF BALANCE IT GOES "KLUNK" EITHER UP OR DOWN DEPENDING ON WHICH WAY YOU MOVED THE WEIGHT.

ION A SIMILAR MANNER THE JAW DOES THE SAME THING FOR HEAD POSITION AND WHOLE BODY POSTURE. PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC NECK, JAW OR HEADACHE PAIN COULD BE DESCRIBED AS HAVING BEEN "KLUNKED"

UNLIKE THE SCALE WHICH ONLY MOVES IN TWO DIRECTIONS THE JAW CAN BE DISPLACED ANTERIOR-POSTERIORLY, VERTICALLY TOO CLOSE OR TOO FAR APART (VERTICAL DIMENSION). SIDE TO SIDE OR OBLIQUELY. IT CAN ALSO BE TIPPED SIDE TO SIDE. FRONT TO BACK OR OBLIQUELY AND IT CAN BE ROTATED IN EITHER DIRECTION ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE.

NEUROMUSCULAR DENTISTRY HAS THE TOOLS TO UNDERSTAND AND UNWIND THE POSTURAL ABBERATIONS AND ALLOW A RETURN TO A NORMAL PHYSIOLOGIC STATE. THIS IS WHERE HEALING CAN OCCUR ALLOWING LONG TERM RESOLUTION OF THE PATIENTS PROBLEMS.

THIS IS AN OVERSIMPLIFICATION BECAUSE ALL OF THE PROBLEMS IN JAW POSTURE ARE ALSO RELATED TO HEAD POSITION. AN EVALUATION OF THE ATLAS/AXIS RELATIONSHIP CAN BE INVALUABLE IN TREATING POSTURAL DISCREPANCIES,

THE FIRST STEP, FROM A NEUROMUSCULAR DENTISTRY APPOACH IS TO USE TECHNOLOGY TO MEASURE JAW POSITION AND FUNCTION AND TO DESIGN A DIAGNOSTIC NEUROMUSCULAR ORTHOTIC THAT ALLOWS THE HEALING PROCESS TO BEGIN. AS HEALING OCCURS HEAD AND NECK POSTURE WILL CONTINUALLY CHANGE UNTIL A NEW HOMEOSTASIS IS REACHED.

FREQUENTLY, TOTAL POSTURA; CORRECTION MAY INVOLVE ORTHOTICS FOR SHOES OR EVEN FOR "BUTT LIFTS" FOR SITTING. THE PODIATRIST CAN SERVE AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN POSTUROLOGY AS CAN GAIT ANALYSIS. EVEN THE OPTICIAN CAN PROVIDE A VITAL LINK IN HEALING FOR PATIENTS WHOSE POSTURE IS ADVERSELY EFFECTED BY EYEGLASSES AND HOW WELL THEY FIT PATIENTS WORK AND LIFESTYLE FUNCTIONS. MASSAGE THERAPISTS AND EXERCISE THERAPISTS FREQUENTLY ALLOW COMPLETE HEALING AND HELP ESTABLISH A HEALTHY PHYSIOLOGY.

THE FOLLOWING PUBMED ABSTRACT FROM CRANIO DISCUSSES SOME OF THE POSTURAL ISSUES ON JUST THE FORWARD BACKWARD POSITION OF THE JAW. CLASS 2 IS BACKWARD POSITION, CLASS 3 IS FOWARD POSITION AND CLASS 1 IS NORMAL POSITION. THIS IS ONLY DISCUSSING SKELETAL POSITION HOWEVER AND NOT TRUE PHYSIOLOGIC POSITION THAT WOULD BE MESURED WITH NEUROMUSCULAR DENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF EMG AND MKG OR COMPUTERIZED MANDIBULAR SCAN.

Cranio. 2005 Jul;23(3):219-28.
Evaluation of cervical posture of children in skeletal class I, II, and III.
D'Attilio M, Caputi S, Epifania E, Festa F, Tecco S.
Source
Department of Orthodontics, University of Chieti, Italy.
Abstract
Previous studies on the relationship between morphological structure of the face and cervical posture have predominantly focused on vertical dimensions of the face. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are significant differences in cervical posture in subjects with a different sagittal morphology of the face, i.e., a different skeletal class. One hundred twenty (120) children (60 males and 60 females, average age 9.5 yrs., SD+/-0.5) were admitted for orthodontic treatment. Selection criteria was: European ethnic origin, date of birth, considerable skeletal growth potential remaining and an absence of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). Lateral skull radiographs were taken in mirror position. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their skeletal class. The cephalometric tracings included postural variables. The most interesting findings were: 1. children in skeletal class III showed a significantly lower cervical lordosis angle (p<0.001) than the children in skeletal class I and skeletal class II; 2. children in skeletal class II showed a significantly higher extension of the head upon the spinal column compared to children in skeletal class I and skeletal class III (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). This is probably because the lower part of their spinal column was straighter than those of subjects in skeletal class I and II (p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). Significant differences among the three groups were also observed in the inclination of maxillary and mandibular bases to the spinal column. The posture of the neck seems to be strongly associated with the sagittal as well as the vertical structure of the face.

PMID: 16128357 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

MIGRAINE TREATMENT WITHOUT DRUGS. MIGRAINES ARE USUALLY RELATED TO THE TRIGEMINAL NERVES, THE BEST TREATMENT IS TO CORRECT NEURAL INPUT.

There are many different kinds of Migraines and headaches. They all share the same basic features, a common pattern that is frequently seen with migraine is an initial dull ache that develops into a constant, throbbing and pulsating pain that can be experienced in the temples, front or back of one side (or both sides)of the head. The pain is usually accompanied by nausea and vomiting, and sensitivity to light and noise.

A common factor in almost all headaches and migraines is the involvement of the Trigeminal Nerve. Treating migraines and other headaches without drugs can frequently be easily accomplished by changing the neural input into the trigeminal nervous system. TMJ disorders (TMD) are often called "The Great Imposter" I strongly recommend that anyone who suffers from Migraines, Tension-Type Headaches, Chronic Daily Headaches or other chronic head and neck pain read
"SUFFER NO MORE: DEALING WITH THE GREAT IMPOSTER" in Sleep and Health Journal at:
http://www.sleepandhealth.com/story/suffer-no-more-dealing-great-impostor

Two of the most common types of migraine are "migraine with aura" or "Classic Migraine" and "migraine without aura" or "common migraine".

Frequently patients with severe headaches are diagnosed as having "migraine" when they actually have a severe tension headache, muscular headache or cervicogenic headache which can present as a migraine. Many patients and physicians can are fooled into thinking every severe headache is a migraine. Severe headaches are frequently neuromuscular in orgin and easy to alleviate or eliminate. This can lead to the wrong treatments being utilized that while helpful they are not ideal and can increase headache frequency and/or drug overuse.

Rebound headaches and drug overuse headaches are among the most difficult to treat because in addition to the original problems we now are also dealing with a medication caused disorder.

The Common Migraine or Migraine without Aura
because the headache is associated with changes in the size of the arteries inside the skull and in the head and neck. The blood flow to the anterior two thirds of the meninges of the brain is controlled by the trigeminal nerve and this type of headache can frequently be eliminated without drugs with a neuromuscular orthotic that stops the nociceptive input to the brain from the fifth cranial nerve or trigeminal nerve. Neuromuscular Dentistry is most effective when it is ussed to intervene before the pre-headache phase when blood vessels constrict; at the time vascular dilation occurs the migraine begins. The The inflamed as well as swollen blood vessels are believed to be the cause of migraine pain and are caused by neurally mediated inflammationand by increasing the pressure on the swollen walls of the blood vessels. Neuromuscular Dentistry is more effective at preventing or eliminating migraines then a stopping them in the middle of an acute attack.

Migraine sufferers may experience only occasional episodes while others have repetitive migraines two to four times per month. Other patients can get continuous migraines that very in intensity. Most migraine headaches last at least four hours, although very severe ones can last up to a week. I recently treated the wife of a physician who had a continuous headache for over 50 years that was eliminated after only two visits. This is unusual but not unheard of when utilizing neuromuscular dental orthotics. Headaches may begin at any time of the day or night; but when they has a TMJ (TMD) disorder and/or sleep apnea. Migraines rarely awaken a person from sleep but morning headaches frequently can convert into full blown migraines. These morning migraines are especially easy to treat with a neurmucular diagnostic orthotic.

Classic Migraine or Migraine with Aura are about a third of the migraine population. These are also trigeminally innervated migraines and when treated by a neuromuscular orthotic may give a different response. I have seen patients who still experience the aura but the pain never follows. Depending on the triggers that percipitate the migraines the orthotic will often decrease the severity and frequency of these headaches but not completely eliminate them

Migraine sufferers frequently experience visual problems during the headache. Migraine that begins with an aura is usually a manifestation of neurological symptoms. These symptoms are most frequently associated with the trigeminal nerve and the aura begins from five to thirty minutes before the actual onset of the headache. Neuromuscular dentists will frequently use Sphenopalatine ganglion blocks to head off this type of migraine before it hits. Once these migrines are in full swing standard migraine medications are the best way to limit and control pain.

I usually will teach patients how to self administer SPG blocks (sphenopalatine ganglion blocks) with local anaesthetic intranasally applied with a Q-tip. Patients may see wavy or jagged lines,wierdly moving blobs reminescent of Lava lamps, squiggles, worms, polka dots or strobe like flashing lights. Any time patients have flashing lights in their eyes they must consider the possibility of a detatched retina. Other symptoms include tunnel vision or blind spots in one or both eyes or vision going black and white and dimming that is similar to being lost in the fog.

Auras can also be non-visual in nature and can involve sounds , dizziness or strange bodily aches or the feeling like something is crawling thru you. It is not uncommon for smells and tastes to be part of an aura and some patients report that the Aura sonunds , tastes and odors can percipitate attacks when they are encountered in real life.

Feelings of numbness or a "pins-and-needles" sensation as well as difficulty in recalling or speaking the correct word can be experienced with migraine but can also be neurological symptoms of a stroke and must be considered serious at all times. Other less common types of migraine include Hemiplegic Migraine, Ophthalmoplegic Migraine, Retinal Migraine, Basilar Artery Migraine and Abdominal Migraine

Many of these other types of migraines can be very difficult to diagnose but it is important to remember they are are mediated by the Trigeminal nervous system and may respond well to treatment with a neuromuscular diagnostic orthotic which can eliminate or drastically decrease both frequency and severity.